All optionals

Geography

Landforms, climate and the oceans, then India’s farms, cities and regions. Notes for both papers, past questions back to 2013, map practice, and an AI that has read Khullar cover to cover.

  • 26 topics
  • 771 past questions
  • 12 standard books
Read the notesPast questions
Ask the Geography AI
Suggestion: How did Davis explain the cycle of erosion?. Press Escape to use it.

Ask it whatever you’re stuck on. It answers from the 12 books further down this page and shows you the passage it used.

The whole syllabus, one topic at a time

Tap any topic to open its notes. They’re free with your account.

Physical Geography

8 topics
1Geomorphology: FundamentalsEndogenetic & Exogenetic Forces · Continental Drift Theory · Plate Tectonics2Landforms: Fluvial, Arid and GlacialFluvial Landforms · Arid & Desert Landforms · Glacial Landforms3Rocks, Minerals and VolcanismRock Cycle · Igneous Rocks · Sedimentary Rocks4Climatology: Atmosphere and EnergyAtmospheric Composition & Structure · Solar Radiation & Heat Budget · Temperature Distribution5Precipitation, Humidity and CloudsEvaporation & Condensation · Types of Rainfall · Tropical Cyclones6Climatic ClassificationKöppen's Climatic Classification · Thornthwaite's Classification · World Climatic Regions7OceanographyOcean Floor Topography · Ocean Temperature & Salinity · Ocean Currents8Biogeography and Soil GeographySoil Genesis & Classification · World Soil Types · Soil Degradation & Conservation

Human Geography

5 topics
9Perspectives in Human GeographyAreal Differentiation & Regional Synthesis · Environmentalism · Quantitative Revolution10Economic GeographyWorld Economic Development · World Resources & Distribution · Energy Resources11Population and Settlement GeographyPopulation Growth & Distribution · Demographic Transition Theory · Migration: Causes & Consequences12Regional PlanningConcept & Types of Region · Methods of Regionalisation · Growth Poles & Centres13Models, Theories and Laws in GeographySystem Analysis in Geography · Malthusian & Marxian Models · Demographic Transition Model

The books behind the answers

These are the books the Geography AI actually reads. When it uses one, you’ll see a small chip next to the line, and you can open the exact passage.

  • PhysicalGeomorphologySavindra Singh
  • PhysicalClimatologySavindra Singh
  • PhysicalPhysical GeographySavindra Singh
  • PhysicalPhysical GeographyStrahler
  • Human & EconomicHuman GeographyMajid Husain
  • Human & EconomicEvolution of Geographical ThoughtMajid Husain
  • Human & EconomicIndian and World GeographyMajid Husain
  • IndiaIndia: A Comprehensive GeographyKhullar
  • IndiaFundamentals of Physical Geography (Class XI)NCERT
  • IndiaIndia: Physical Environment (Class XI)NCERT
  • IndiaFundamentals of Human Geography (Class XII)NCERT
  • IndiaIndia: People and Economy (Class XII)NCERT

What UPSC asked in 2026

Three from the latest paper. All 771 are here, sorted by topic, whenever you want to practise.

2026 · Paper I · 10 marksWhat is ‘Helical’ flow? How Helical flow accounts for meander modifications?Open the question2026 · Paper I · 10 marksDefine ‘pseudo monsoon’ and explain its spatial distribution.Open the question2026 · Paper I · 10 marksHow are seamounts and Guyots the same and different? Comment.Open the question
See all 771 questions

When you’re ready to practise

Get an answer markedWrite an answer by hand, take a photo, and see the marks, what it missed and a model answer.Take a testA short test on one topic, to see what actually stayed with you.Revise with flashcardsShort cards on thinkers, terms and facts, each tied to the past questions it helps you answer.Practise the mapsEvery map question UPSC has set, with a quiz to test yourself.

Not sure where to begin?

Start at the top, with Geomorphology: Fundamentals. It sets up the words and ideas the rest of the syllabus keeps coming back to.

Open Geomorphology: Fundamentals